Finding Clarity In The Obscurity Of “Why Privacy Matters”.

Finding clarity in the obscurity of â€Å"Why Privacy Matters† In his essay â€Å"Why Privacy Matters† from The Wilson Quarterly, Jeffrey Rosen offers a compelling account of the harmful effects of eradicating our privacy. Rosen ventures into several different fields affected by the ever-growing intrusion of our privacy, offering a rich compendium of illustrations from the real world. From Monica Lewinsky’s fate under her investigation, to a Charles Schwab employee, Rosen offers a prolific arsenal of incidents where the dignity of privacy is challenged. In his descriptive examples, Rosen demonstrates a broad expertise within the field by taking his time to describe a careful characterization of each case by both implying his own personal experience†¦show more content†¦He establishes this connection deliberately for us as readers to be able to understand a concept he introduces further on in the essay where someone is â€Å"judged out of context in a world of short attention spans† (34). Even in what seems to be a r easonably descriptive breakdown of a consequence of losing our privacy, Rosen fails to answer what we should do to prevent â€Å"being judged out of context† (34). How can we know how to protect something if not even Rosen himself knows how to? In his essay Rosen also tries to explain how the cyberspace has contributed to threaten our privacy; â€Å"What had been seen as a physical threat now looked like a more insidious danger† (34). He offers another vague pool of examples of where our privacy is threatened by cyberspace, instead of providing a solution to the problem. At the end of this section Rosen claims that intimate privacy and cyberspace privacy are simply two examples of the same problem: the risk of being judged out of context in a world of short attention spans, and the harms to dignity that follow. This explanation to me is far too simple. Is he asking us to stop living in the real world where short attention spans are a necessity? No, in what seems as jus t anotherShow MoreRelatedEngaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age12587 Words   |  51 PagesEngaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age (Free Executive Summary) http://www.nap.edu/catalog/11896.html Free Executive Summary Engaging Privacy and Information Technology in a Digital Age James Waldo, Herbert S. Lin, and Lynette I. Millett, Editors, Committee on Privacy in the Information Age, National Research Council ISBN: 978-0-309-10392-3, 456 pages, 6 x 9, hardback (2007) This free executive summary is provided by the National Academies as part of our mission to educate

The Courtship and Marriage Customs of the Waray - 1426 Words

THE COURTSHIP AND MARRIAGE CUSTOM OF THE WARAY J. Colima Bajado* The Philippines as a whole abounds in quaint marriage customs and traditions. Written literatures from Fr. Pedro Chirino (1590s), Blair and Robertson, to Gregorio Zaide describe the pre-Spanish marriage customs of the Philippines. More writers like Fay Cooper Cole, John Finley, C.R. Moss and John Garvan have written on the courtship and marriage rituals of the various tribes in the country. On the marriage customs of the Warays, some vernacular writers like Iluminado Lucente and Juan Ricacho have written plays portraying the marriage customs and practices of the region. Younger generations in the Samar-Leyte region may not even know how their great grandfathers won the†¦show more content†¦While some were singing, others were stealing chickens, and other things. Serenading was then allowed from ten to twelve in the evening only. The Balata Courtship This type of courtship is one of the queer ways of wooing. This traditional practice is resorted to by the ri ch families. This is very common especially in the â€Å"capital† of the different provinces of the region such as Tacloban, Carigara, Palo, Biliran, Ormoc, Catarman, Calbayog, Catbalogan, Maasin and Borongan. In balata, the parents of the bride and the groom agree to have their children married in accordance with their arrangement. It is the custom of the upperclass families through their exclusive formed groups. They hold week-end parties among themselves by turns. In the midst of the merry making, especially when they are already a bit tipsy, the betrothal of their children takes place. Although often started as a joke, the balata eventually becomes a serious matter involving amor propio and palabra de honor. Usually, it is the parents of the male child who makes the proposal to the parents of the girl to have their children married when they reach the marriageable age. They mutually plan and finance the wedding of their children, give equal dowries of property such as lan d, livestock, jewelry, and cash with which their children will start their married life.

Nursing Practice for Elsevier Health Sciences-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNursing Practice for Elsevier Health Sciences. Answer: Introduction As per Daly, Speedy Jackson (2017), critical analysis also intends to present the relevance and originality of the research issues and the ways in which any issue is different from the other conducted researches (Daly, Speedy Jackson, 2017). Critical analysis assists in the justification of the proposed methodology and demonstrates the preparedness of the entire research. In this paper, critical analysis of the methods used for the research article of Warm homes for older people: aims and methods of a randomised community-based trial for peop0le with COPD is conducted. Further, the assignment also encompasses the analysis of general impressions of the research articles along with the literature review. This facilitates effective comprehension into the research subject matter. Critical analysis of methods It has been observed that the background for the region of collection of data has been very clearly set up in the research study. The characteristics of the data collection and the quality of data that has been obtained in accordance to the ethical or unethical considerations have been very effectively elaborated. The aspect on the basis of which the data is to be evaluated has been evaluated in the research study. There has been use of specific parameters in the research method for the evaluation of factors and aspects affecting the subject (Lienert-Brown et al., 2018). The size, relevant characteristics, procedures of assignment and selection has been very clearly determined in the research study. There has been clearly mention of the psychometric properties including the validity and reliability of the instruments used for the conduction of research. The design of the research study has been very clearly mentioned to be a written one (Nursing Council of New Zealand, 2016). The procedures and design that has been adopted in the frameworks of the research study has been very encouraging in regards to obtain high degree of effectiveness sand confidence in the research outcomes. In spite of addition of various elements and parameters to the conduction of research methodology and design, the elements of the research study has not been sufficient for the replication of the research study. This can be inferred from the fact that more structures and measures could be included for the conduction of the research (Nairn et al., 2014). Critical analysis of General impressions The research article is very well written and structured in terms of elaborating the issues associated with research subject. There has been a proper illustration to the subject in the section of abstract which comprises background. There has been elaboration of the COPD and the current scenarios of severity in the health conditions that has been imposed by the increase of the disease. As per Riden, Jacobs Marshall (2014), there has been proper elaboration of the background for the research along with the repercussions that are the outcomes of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Riden, Jacobs Marshall, 2014). The research article encompasses a highly chronic health issue that is affecting the general life of people living in the country of New Zealand. The research study has reflected on the effects of existing medications for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease both on the long term as well as short term basis. There has been a good elaboration of the identification of interventions which can be used for the reduction of severity and frequency on the benefits of public health. The most important things that have been learnt from this research study include the existing costs that Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease can have towards the society (Rumrill, Fitzgerald Ware, 2000). The correlation of the respiratory and temperature illness has been mentioned which is very enriching in terms of gaining in-depth comprehension of the impacts of the disease. Moreover, the relation between the housing elements with the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease has been effectively elaborated which adds to the knowledge pool of the inquisitive readers (Wepa, 2015). The aspects such as increasing prices of electricity and poverty of fuel has been illustrated which contributes to the economic scenario of the entire research. The most enriching aspects of the entire research study denotes to the interventions that are oriented towards the eradication of the issues associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the country of New Zealand (Slater et al., 2016). The most compelling strengths of this research study include the data collection method which has been very effective in the analysis. There has been collection of data in accordance to the changing seasons of New Zealand which has assisted in the provision of highly accurate data. There is use of liner models for the analysis of data that has assisted in gaining appropriateness of the research data and outcomes. Moreover the use of additional measures for the analysis of the outcomes has strengthened the analytics for the research study (Tuckett et al., 2016). The research study also encompasses elaboration of various interventions for minimizing exacerbations to a high extent that would assist in improving the nursing practices in New Zealand (Tuckett et al., 2015). The discussion regarding the ways in which regulating the occurrence Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is associated with the temperature fluctuations in the houses in New Zealand has been very fruitful. This research study can be improved to a prominent extent with the inclusion of more parameters for conducting the assessment of the obtained data. Inclusion of qualitative data in the research study could also enhance the analysis of the issue (Viggers et al., 2013). Critical analysis of Literature review The research paper of Warm homes for older people: aims and methods of a randomised community-based trial for people with COPD has focussed on the increasing significance of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease that is a common occurrence in around one out of four individuals during the entire human lifetime. The literature review of the paper has clearly identified the problem of rising spread of COPD in the society (Ferguson et al., 2014). The issues associated with COPD that have become a pressing issue in the society such as the cost of occurrence of COPD in the society, outcomes of respiratory and temperature illness, aspects of socio-economic elements such as housing have been clearly elaborated. According to Gauld Horsburgh (2015), the issues associated with COPD such as effects of temperature in the homes situated in New Zealand, poverty of fuel and increase in the prices of electricity definitely foster the potential for the conduction of research on the subject (Gauld Horsburgh, 2015). The authors have been successful in the presentation of theoretical rationale for the study as the research has addressed the questions regarding the need of incorporating the electricity subsidy in the exacerbations of COPD which may further lead to treatment of hospitalization. The research question such as the implications on the dwelling temperature in relevance to the exceeding costs of intervention is also reflected in the research article (Gagan et al., 2014). The conceptual framework of the research study has been very appropriate in regards to the research issue as there has been illustration of vulnerability that residence is towards the low temperature in New Zealand. As per Lennon (2018), the conceptual framework of the entire research article has encompassed appropriate setting of study in the research study. It has been observed that the conceptual framework of the research study has been based on the community of New Zealand which resonates effectively with the research topic (Lennon, 2018). The hypotheses and the research question seem very logical with the conceptual framework and research issue in regards to the research subject. This can be inferred from the relevance of the questions of the resercah study that are resonating with the background of the research subject. Moreover, alignment of the research article could be observed through the intervention techniques that are mentioned and suggested in the article. It can be seen that the theoretical concept of the research is very well resonating with the rationale of the study. It could also be observed that there is no clear section for the hypothesis of the research subject, however, the research questions have been very clearly stated and identified. In the research paper, there has been a clear flow of the entire literature leading to the method of research (Lim Honey, 2014). Moreover, it could be observed that there has been a logical flow of the entire research context towards the structuring of the literature. Conclusions The research study encompassed the analysis of the research study regarding Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease from a critical reflective approach. The assignment also elaborated the assessment of every section that is crucial for the conduction of a research study. There has been analysis of the relevant problems that are identified in the research study which will be useful in the conduction of relevant research in the future. There has been prominent address of the association between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and the temperature fluctuation in the country of New Zealand that has great contribution to the overall health of citizens in the country. References Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2017). Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ferguson, C., Inglis, S. C., Newton, P. J., Cripps, P. J., Macdonald, P. S., Davidson, P. M. (2014). Social media: a tool to spread information: a case study analysis of twitter conversation at the Cardiac Society of Australia New Zealand 61st annual scientific meeting 2013. Collegian, 21(2), 89-93. Gauld, R., Horsburgh, S. (2015). What motivates doctors to leave the UK NHS for a life in the sun in New Zealand; and, once there, why dont they stay?. Human resources for health, 13(1), 75. Gagan, M. J., Boyd, M., Wysocki, K., Williams, D. J. (2014). The first decade of nurse practitioners in New Zealand: A survey of an evolving practice. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 26(11), 612-619. Lennon, D. (2018). A Clear-cut Case of Acute Rheumatic Fever After Group G Streptococcal Pharyngitis in New Zealand. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 37(4), 376-377. Lim, A. G., Honey, M. (2014). New Zealand newly graduated nurses medication management: results of a survey. Nurse education in practice, 14(6), 660-665. Lienert-Brown, M., Taylor, P., Withington, J., Lefebvre, E. (2018). Mental health nurses' views and experiences of working with undergraduate nursing students: A descriptive exploratory study. Nurse education today, 64, 161-165. Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2016). Competencies for Registered Nurses. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Nairn, R., DeSouza, R., Barnes, A. M., Rankine, J., Borell, B., McCreanor, T. (2014). Nursing in media-saturated societies: implications for cultural safety in nursing practice in Aotearoa New Zealand. Journal of Research in Nursing, 19(6), 477-487. Riden, H., Jacobs, S., Marshall, B. (2014). New Zealand nurses views on preceptoring international nurses. International nursing review, 61(2), 179-185. Rumrill, P., Fitzgerald, S. Ware, M. (2000). Speaking of research. Guidelines for evaluating research articles. Work, 14(3), 257 263. Slater, T., Matheson, A., Davies, C., Goodyer, C., Holdaway, M., Ellison-Loschmann, L. (2016). The role and potential of community-based cancer care for M?ori in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 129(1430), 29-38. Tuckett, A., Henwood, T., Oliffe, J.L., Kolbe-Alexander, T.L. and Kim, J.R., (2016). A comparative study of Australian and New Zealand male and female nurses health: a sex comparison and gender analysis. American journal of men's health, 10(6), pp.450-458. Tuckett, A., Winters?Chang, P., Bogossian, F., Wood, M. (2015). Why nurses are leaving the profession lack of support from managers: What nurses from an e?cohort study said. International journal of nursing practice, 21(4), 359-366. Viggers, H., Howden-Chapman, P., Ingham, T., Chapman, R., Pene, G., Davies, C., ... Baker, M. (2013). Warm homes for older people: aims and methods of a randomised community-based trial for people with COPD. BMC public health, 13(1), 176. Wepa, D. (Ed.). (2015). Cultural safety in Aotearoa New Zealand. Cambridge University Press.

All the worlds a stage from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7 Essay Example For Students

All the worlds a stage from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7 Essay In All the worlds a stage- from Shakespeares As You Like It Act 2, Scene 7- Shakespeare had chosen the title of his speech very carefully. All the worlds a stage is infact a metaphor, as the world is being portrayed as a stage. It was the point of this speech to convey to the reader/listener the possibility that our lives and the way we live them are innate, have been programmed into us prior to birth, by the powers that be. All the men and women are merely actors on a stage, playing a pre determined part, speaking a pre determined script. Some people believe that we exist only to play our part. That we have no real freedom, we are simply players; as in a game of chess. You may be lucky enough to play the queen, king or bishop, but more often than not, we are the pawns. We play along in our constant battle to be recognised and respected, to reach fulfilment a quest on which we all embark. Not all of us win our battle; such is the game of life. However, Shakespeare has focused his speech on one man, who in his time plays many parts, his acts being shown as the following seven ages: The first part is the infant, a vital stage at which everyone begins the battle, the game. Shakespeare shows his character in infancy by describing him as mewling and puking in the nurses arms. By including this statement in his speech, Shakespeare gives the impression that he dislikes babies. By saying that they are mewling and puking he is saying that they vomit and cry, are messy and feeble. By making reference to a nurse, he is saying that the baby is helpless. Shakespeare considers infants in general to be a burden and a nuisance. He then goes on to describe whining school-boy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school. In this sentence, we can gather that the child is on his way to school, rather reluctantly; has a fresh clean face no doubt previously having had his face washed by his mother but is showing his reluctance by walking slowly to school. Nothing unusual there then? Well, nothing except the way Shakespeare describes the innocent young child as whining and creeping, which would also suggest discomfort and distaste towards this young boy merely playing his part well. Next, comes the lover. Shakespeare is certain to have something good to say about the lover you might thinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ wrong again. Shakespeare describes the lover as sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad made to his mistress eyebrow. I wonder why the lover is writing a poem about his mistresses eyebrow and not a more beautiful part of her body, of which I am sure there are plenty. Maybe Shakespeare was jealous? Jealous that this man has what many people would describe as the best part of all; maybe Shakespeare was envious of his youth, freedom and opportunities. It is possible that his odium for the lover is symbolic of Shakespeares own past, of which we know very little. The lover is followed by the soldier, of whom Shakespeare again shows his revulsion. Shakespeare describes the soldier as being full of strange oaths, jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel and seeking the bubble reputation even in the cannons mouth. This description would imply that Shakespeares interpretation of the soldier is that: the soldier in envious of his comrades, too quick to jump to conclusions, ignorant of the dangers facing them, eager to become a hero and most of all, unaware or indifferent to the realness and conviction of death itself. Not really a pretty picture is it? .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .postImageUrl , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:visited , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:active { border:0!important; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:active , .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1bd72d3eff4cbbd905ee8bd48416d13a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Does Macbeth deserve his fate? EssayWeve found yet another player in the big game of life that Shakespeare is not altogether fond of- to say the least. However, on this rare occasion, I am inclined to agree with him, or at least share his view on the stupidity and futility of soldiers in general, although I do accept that as with all other things, there are exceptions to the rule. Moving on, we come to the fifth stage, which is described as the justice, in fair round belly with good capon lind, with eyes severe and beard of formal cut, full of wise saws and modern instances and is infact the only age that Shakespeare is seen to approve of! Shakespeare has a lot of good things to say about the justice, he describes him as fair in round belly, implying that he is well fed and has a taste for good old fashioned ale- a good manly tradition in Shakespeares time; eyes severe could mean cruel or strict, which would imply status and importance; full of wise saws and modern instances would obviously mean that he is wise, clever and has experience of life. It is fair to say that these are all positive comments about the fifth age. I think that the reason that Shakespeare is so positive about the justice, is that because he himself was at the fifth stage when he wrote this speech. The sixth stage shifts into the lean and slipperd pantaloon, with spectacles on nose and pouch on side, his youthful hose, well savd, a world too wide for his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice, turning again toward childish treble, pipes and whistles in his sound. Here, we have moved back into the negative comments, with a slightly positive hint about them. Lean and slipperd would imply that he spends most of his life indoors, spectacles on his nose is saying that his eyesight is poor, symbolic of deteriation due to age; manly voice, turned again toward childish treble, implying that this man is shrinking once more into childhood and dependency upon others. The seventh stage, the last of all, that ends this strange and eventful history, describes a descent into a second childishness and into mere oblivion, which sounds to me not like a life at all, but an existence, simply waiting for death to take away his misery. It is interesting to note that death here is the saviour, the taking away of lifes problems, not adding to them. I think that an important part of this speech is the way Shakespeare frequently uses sounds and references to speaking, associating the voice with deteriation and generally creating negative connotations. All of the characters in Shakespeares stages of life are described some way or other in terms of speaking. For example, the lover sighs, the soldier is full of strange oaths, the old man loses his manly voice, and by the final stage the man cannot speak at all having lost everything.

The Assessment Of Social Mobility Essays - Social Inequality

The Assessment Of Social Mobility Are the 35 million Americans who fall below the poverty line there because they are lazy and have let all opportunities for social advancement pass them by? Or is there currently a social structure that successfully reproduces classes and limits upward social mobility in America? Certain institutions in American society, including education, work and occupational structure and the family help perpetuate social class stratification. These institutions widen the gap between the rich and the poor by placing inherent restrictions on opportunities for those born into different classes. Although the degree of effort put forth by each individual is critically important, their relationship to the aforementioned institutions can severely limit upward social mobility. The current educational system creates a unique contradiction. While traditionally the best way to climb the ladders of society, American schools are now reproducing social classes. Those children born into poor families and neighborhoods usually begin their school career at a steep disadvantage. Public schools that are run down and lack sufficient funding or other key resources like good teachers are endemic to these lower income areas. The idea of class reproduction, or the correspondence principle, is obviously present in education. As mentioned above, differences between schools and school districts exist. In his article on the inequalities of public education in New York, Kozol describes an elementary school in North Bronx where 63 children share an average sized classroom. The room has no windows, for the building used to be a roller-skating rink. Consisting of 90% black and Hispanics, the student body of 1,300 has only 26 computers. (Kozol, 95) On the other hand, educational s tandards in upper-middle class communities are far superior. Here in Grand Blanc, Michigan an average second grade class would have one teacher for under thirty students and more than one computer in the room. When their parents can afford it, the technology and quality of teaching is even superior for students enrolled at private schools. Although bussing and other programs aimed at leveling these inequalities have been implemented, the majority of children born into lower income families are not presented with any choices. They are confined to minimal technology and deprived of individual attention from teachers, just to name a few disadvantages. Even a student with a high I.Q. and mental capacity for college might not fulfill his potential because of these restrictions, which are also present at the high school level. Variations within schools also help to restrict opportunities for some students. Admission to certain programs like G.A.T.E. and magnet schools can be class based. Once on a higher track or in one of these programs, a student is exposed to many useful and intellectually stimulating opportunities. Unfortunately, many minority students and those from lower income households are not encouraged to enroll in these programs despite their potential. In a lower track, they are confined to remedial education and poor teachers with emphasis on basic and monotonous tasks. The differences within the classroom have also been shown to limit opportunities for some students. Depending on a student's social class, a teacher may be more apt to help or disregard that student. A student with poor mannerisms and speech pattern may be presupposed to have little room for improvement, while one from a higher class background could receive much more help from a teacher. In addition, education tends to provide a hidden curriculum promoting cultural capital. For example, a rich school might emphasize self-confidence and proper speech patterns, while a poor school might stress subordination to authority and other basic ideas that would prepare a student for a lower class existence. These inequalities in the educational system severely limit opportunities for some students, while opening up windows for advancement for others. Even with a high I.Q., a child born in the north part Flint, Michigan would have to overcome great obstacles to get on a path to college. On the other hand, the superior educational environment at a rich school, like Grand Blanc would tend to promote and foster a desire for higher education among the students, thus granting them access to upward social mobility. Another institution in this country that has a tendency to preserve the current separation between

Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essays

Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essays Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essay Discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder Essay Essay Topic: Arguments Death Penalty The death penalty, the ultimate punishment for man some may say. There are equally valid arguments for both views. This essay will discuss the arguments for and against the reintroduction of the death penalty for murder.Capital punishment is punishment by death hanging, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, lethal injection or beheading. It is normally reserved for murder although can be used in certain other exceptional circumstances (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001).Hanging was used in England and Wales between 1016 and 1964 (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001: 24). The purpose of which seems to have been retributive as well as deterrent. After May 1868, executions took place inside the prisons as previously, when they were public affairs, spectators often used the occasion as an opportunity to commit further crime thus turning what was supposed to show the power of law into a crime spree itself (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001).The death penalty was abolished in this country in 1965 (Davies, Croall and Tyrer, 1995: 6) although this was only for a five year trial period and was abolished officially in December 1969 (E. McLaughlin and J. Munice, 2001). It is still retained in some states in the USA and in certain African and Asian countries.In many places where the death penalty is still used as a means of punishment, more people are actually sentenced to death than are killed. For example, in the USA during 1995, 3,000 people were under death sentences but only 56 were executed. Statistics like these often bring about critical questions like, whether there is any point in retaining the death penalty and whether or not it does actually have an effect on society or on crime.Some states may justify the use of capital punishment simply on retributive grounds although the most common political belief is that it has a general deterrent capacity to save further innocent lives and significantly reduce other capital offences (R. Hood, 1 989).With regards to retribution, those who commit crime deserve to be punished, execution is a very real punishment with the criminal being made to suffer in proportion to the offence committed (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).It is necessary to distinguish two different, although often related, conceptions of general deterrence (R. Hood, 1989: 119). The death penalty implies that the threat of capital sanction, or to be more precise the risk of death, prevents those who are about to commit a capital offence from doing so, in more cases than would the threat of life imprisonment. Therefore there would be an obvious relationship between the risk of execution and the rate of capital offences (R. Hood, 1989).The second conception implies that the existence of capital punishment emphasises the severity of a crime therefore reinforcing criminal inhibitions against committing it (R. Hood, 1989). The death penalty is only a deterrent if execution is an absolute certainty and homicide is usually a crime committed in undeterrable states of mind anyway (N. Walker, 1991: 16).Capital punishment incapacitates criminals, obviously removing them from society permanently, thus eliminating the chance of them re-offending even though murder has the lowest reconviction rates.One of the main arguments of those who oppose the use of capital punishment is the chance that an innocent person may be incorrectly convicted and sentenced to death. Two of the leading opponents of capital punishment in the United States today, Professors Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael L. Radelet, concluded in a 1987 study that 23 innocent people have been put to death in the United States since 1900 (M. Grossman, 1998: 129). In todays society, courts commit resources to avoid such miscarriages of justice to ensure that innocent people are not put to death, although even as late as 1962, James Hanratty, subsequently considered innocent, was put to death for a crime committed on an English ro ad although another man later confessed to the offence, and in 1997 a British commission concluded that Hanratty may well have been innocent (M. Grossman, 1998).Capital punishment has always faced a lot of controversy. One of the reasons is due to the cost of actually carrying out the death penalty. Those in favour of capital punishment persistently argue that, cost cannot be considered as part of the judicial equation when justice is being sought (M. Grossman, 1998: 60). Those against the death penalty utilise numbers to prove their argument that it actually costs the state more to execute someone that it does to keep them in prison for the rest of their life. Margot Garey states that because of constitutional requirements and the diligence of attorneys in capital cases, death penalty litigation is a long, expensive process where, after conviction, appeals which usually last decades follow as courts examine the case and investigate possible legal errors that could overturn the deat h sentence (M. Grossman, 1998).Another main controversial topic when discussing capital punishment is human rights and the right to life. Does a particular murderer, taking into account the full circumstances of his or her life, really deserve to die at the hands of the state? (A. Sarat, 2001). Criminals, although they may have committed the most awful murders, are still real people who have a life, and with it comes the capability of feeling pain, love, fear and all the other emotions the rest of society feel (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).There is no such thing as a humane method of putting a person to death, irrespective of what the state may claim (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html). Every form of execution causes suffering and being executed is a terrifying and gruesome ordeal for any criminal (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html). A Canadian writer, Bernard Lande Cohen wrote The state has a duty to protect itself and its citizens not only from foreign enemies but from the domestic variety as well but he also insists the right of a government to take the life of any of its subjects ought to be subject to the strictest review in all instances and no matter how deserving of death and how little deserving of pity, it would be entirely wrong to inflict pain or torture upon him, or any form of death that is of a painful nature (M. Grossman, 1998: 6).An often, overlooked reason for opposing the death penalty is the depth of feelings of the friends and family of the criminal. They suffer pain and trauma leading up to and during the execution and will no doubt suffer serious trauma for years afterwards. Although, some may argue that the criminals family and friends feelings are now the same as the victims and, in that way, just (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).The discriminatory nature of the death penalty was recognised in the United States by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1972. The evidence shows rac ial bias continuing to influence the jury. A report released in 1990 by the General Accounting office in the states shows indications of racial discrimination. The study concluded that, a person accused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black (www.igc.org/africanam/archives/eh2/factsheet.html).There does not seem to be any other alternative to the death penalty except life imprisonment without parole. Punishment must be fair and in proportion to the offence committed and for the worst murderers life meaning life is an option. It protects the public from the risk of re-offence and allows time for rehabilitation. Most criminals are only, if at all, deterred by the thought of being caught and even the best review of the evidence from research concludes that it has failed to provide scientific proof that executions have a greater deterrent effect than life imprisonment' (N. Walker, 1991: 16).In conclusion we see th at the arguments for and against capital punishment are both very strong and depending on ones situation, circumstances and beliefs the ultimate decision to support or oppose the death penalty is that of the individual. The likelihood of Britain ever reintroducing the death penalty for murder is minimal. Politically it would be extremely hard given British commitment to human rights and our membership of the EC, which itself is highly opposed to capital punishment and contains no member states that still retain the death penalty as its highest form of punishment (www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/6142/thoughts.html).

Changing Criminal Behaviour Case Study Bert Essay

Changing Criminal Behaviour Case Study Bert - Essay Example In order to fulfil the study's first aim, recall and recognition will be tested in 100 to 150 adult participants. Eyewitness identification accuracy will be observed during this process. Participants will be required to watch a brief video, following this video participants will be required to answer a series of questions pertaining to that video. Another data collection will involve participants completing an online questionnaire which assesses accuracy of recognition and recall. The experiment aims at identifying the misidentification rates of adults and how recognition and recall can lead to false eyewitness testimony and subsequent false identification. In order to fulfil the study's second aim, the literature on the factors which promote and those which inhibit eyewitness accuracy will be reviewed. A list of inhibitors and promotors will be generated and subsequently employed to inform a set of recommendations for the enhancement of eyewitness accuracy. The researcher will organise and maintain a web based questionnaire and online video through Surveymonkey. The researcher will send the website a participants' inclusion and exclusion criteria and specify that all respondents are to be from Australia. A 100-150 participant figure will be requested. Surveymonkey will then inform its relevant participant database of the survey. 3.2. Research plan 3.2.1 Describe the theoretical, empirical and/or conceptual basis, and background evidence, for the research proposal, eg. previous studies, anecdotal evidence, review of literature, prior observation, laboratory or animal studies. NS 1.13 The goal of the proposed research is to examine conditions that may influence eyewitness memory. Wells and Loftus (2003) used a 'memory as trace' (p. 149) metaphor to compare physical evidence and memory. That is, memory for an event can leave a trace in the brain just like physical evidence (e.g., fingerprints, blood, and semen) can in the outside world. As will be discussed at length later, eyewitness identification procedures can be employed to minimize any bias or suggestion that can contaminate a witness memory. In the present studies the effects of certain estimator variables on eyewitness identification will be examined. More specifically, the issue of whether knowledge that one is viewing a crime suspect, compared to learning that one had seen a suspect after-the-fact, and the seriousness of the crime for which the suspect is wanted, will be investigated for their influence on identification accuracy in line-ups in which the suspect is either absent or present. An additional question is whether crime severity enhances memory for an individual, or whether attention needs to be directed towards the individual to influence memory. There is equivocal evidence that crimes of a more serious nature increase motivation to attend to the criminal scenario (Leippe, Wells, & Ostrom, 1978), while others do not support this finding. As eyewitness investigation is relevant to psychologists, the legal system, witnesses, the accused, and society at large, it is